October 2023

Volume 06 Issue 10 October 2023
The Reintegration of Ex-Convicts in Society: A Case Study
1Kristal May S. Vivares, 2Jose F. Cuevas Jr.
1,2Misamis University, College of Criminology, H. T. Feliciano St. Aguada, Ozamiz City, Philippines
DOI : https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v6-i10-52

Google Scholar Download Pdf
ABSTRACT

Reintegration into society is one of the things that Persons Deprived of Liberty or those who committed crimes and are serving their sentences inside a correctional institution look forward to. The restoration of freedom and the thought of spending time with their families brought them so much joy and comfort amidst all their experiences and struggles. This study explored the life of seven ex-convicts in their reintegration into society, particularly Ozamiz City. It utilized the case study design using Yin's method of data analysis. This study yielded the following themes: having difficulty applying for a job, struggling to earn a living, feeling indifference among family members and relatives, enduring the negative treatment of other people, trying to start a new life, having a positive outlook in life despite hardship, and aiming to reconcile with their families. In addition, this study showed that most ex-convicts had experienced challenges that tested their patience and views in life, yet they encouraged themselves to look for the brighter side of life. Thus, the researcher recommends revisiting for enhancement the briefing and debriefing conducted before the reintegration of the ex-convicts with their families, and a government program may be created for ex-convicts to have employment opportunities.

KEYWORDS:

challenges, community, ex-convicts, incarceration, reintegration, stigma

REFERENCES
1) Agan, A., & Starr, S. (2018). Ban the box, criminal records, and racial discrimination: A field experiment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 133(1), 191-235. Retrieved on August 24, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3SwcU8E

2) Augustine, D. (2019). Working around the law: Navigating legal barriers to employment during reentry. Law & Social Inquiry, 44(3), 726-751. Retrieved on August 24, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3kw2jhK

3) Baffour, F. D., Francis, A. P., Chong, M. D., Harris, N., & Baffour, P. D. (2021). Perpetrators at first, victims at last: Exploring the consequences of stigmatization on ex-convicts’ mental well-being. Criminal Justice Review, 46(3), 304-325. Retrieved on August 24, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3KzvIlJ

4) Bakken, N. W., & Visher, C. A. (2018). Successful reintegration and mental health: An examination of gender differences among reentering offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 45(8), 1121-1135. Retrieved on November 26, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3SrN9GJ

5) Bebbington, P. E., McManus, S., Coid, J. W., Garside, R., & Brugha, T. (2021). The mental health of ex-prisoners: analysis of the 2014 English National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 56(11), 2083-2093. Retrieved on November 26, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3Y1OxAU

6) Becker, H. S. (2018). Labelling theory reconsidered 1. In Deviance and social control (pp. 41-66). Routledge. Retrieved on November 26, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3Iy1PiP

7) Berghuis, M. (2018). Reentry programs for adult male offender recidivism and reintegration: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology, 62(14), 4655-4676. Retrieved on November 26, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3Z2Fe51

8) Bernburg, J. G. (2019). Labeling theory. In Handbook on crime and deviance (pp. 179-196). Springer, Cham. Retrieved on November 26, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3krdloe

9) Besin-Mengla, M. M. (2020). Reintegration difficulties of ex-convicts: Reasons for recidivism of ex-convicts in Cameroon. African Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research, 3(4), 10-24. Retrieved on November 26, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3kr5JlI

10) Blancaflor, E., Eusebio, F. L., & Sy, R. M. (2021, August). GigSpot: A Mobile Application for Talents and Talent Seekers. In 2021 5th International Conference on E-Society, E-Education and E-Technology (pp. 232-237). Retrieved on August 24, 2022 from https://bit.ly/41piNZy

11) Bowman, E. I., & Ely, K. (2020). Voices of returning citizens: A qualitative study of a supportive housing program for ex-offenders in a rural community. The Prison Journal, 100(4), 423-446. Retrieved on August 24, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3SwupWL

12) Brackett, C. W. (2020). The Rise and Rise of the Criminal Record: Power, Order and Safety in the United States, 1848–1960 (Doctoral dissertation, University of Massachusetts Boston). Retrieved on December 28, 2022 from https://bit.ly/41srOBe

13) Chen, C. P., & Rine-Reesha, N. (2022). Identity transition in ex-offenders: key issues and career counselling interventions. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 1-18. Retrieved on December 28, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3ktpV6A

14) Chikadzi, V., Chanakira, P., & Mbululu, D. (2022). Ex-offenders’ Appraisal of Offender Reintegration Programmes in South Africa: A Human Rights Perspective. Journal of Human Rights and Social Work, 1-11. Retrieved on December 28, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3Zcu5yq

15) Connolly, K., & Granfield, R. (2017). Building recovery capital: The role of faith-based communities in the reintegration of formerly incarcerated drug offenders. Journal of Drug Issues, 47(3), 370-382. Retrieved on August 24, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3Z0wVXH

16) Colon, T. (2022). Ecological Needs and Challenges That Impact Ex-Offenders’ reintegration And Recidivism A Dissertation Submitted (Doctoral Dissertation, University Of Arizona). Retrieved on August 24, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3IR15XE

17) Couloute, L., & Kopf, D. (2018). Out of prison & out of work: Unemployment among formerly incarcerated people. Prison Policy Initiative. Retrieved on August 24, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3kpWkLa

18) Cuevas Jr, J. F (2020). The Paradox of Being a Probationer: Tales of Joy and Sorrow. Retrieved on September 8, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3xTpaqA

19) Deuren, S., Blokland, A., & Kleemans, E. (2022). Examining Membership of Dutch Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs and Its Association with Indqividual Criminal Careers. Deviant Behavior, 43(7), 880-895. Retrieved on December 28, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3SxrNIc

20) Dobbie, W., Goldin, J., & Yang, C. S. (2018). The effects of pretrial detention on conviction, future crime, and employment: Evidence from randomly assigned judges. American Economic Review, 108(2), 201-40. Retrieved on December 28, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3xUj09s

21) English, K. (2018). Conflicting approaches to addressing ex-offender unemployment: The work opportunity tax credit and ban the box. Ind. LJ, 93, 513. Retrieved on September 8, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3xSRj0J

22) Evans, D. N., Blount-Hill, K. L., & Cubellis, M. A. (2019). Examining housing discrimination across race, gender and felony history. Housing Studies, 34(5), 761-778. Retrieved on September 8, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3xVx56J

23) Evans, D. N., Blount-Hill, K. L., & Hoyos-Torres, S. (2020). The frontline of housing access: comparing criminal stigma among landlords and real estate agents in New York. Critical Criminology, 1-19. Retrieved on September 8, 2022 from https://bit.ly/41oRqPl

24) Farrington, D. P. (2020). Human development and criminal careers. In Crime, Inequality and the State (pp. 223-244). Routledge. Retrieved on September 8, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3kxY1pR

25) Gozum, I. E. A. (2019). Gabriel Marcel’s the mystery of the family in the Filipino context. Talisik: An Undergraduate Journal of Philosophy, 6(1), 57-79. Retrieved on December 28, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3EAZXok

26) Guercke, L. (2021). State Responsibility for a Failure to Prevent Violations of the Right to Life by Organised Criminal Groups: Disappearances in Mexico. Human Rights Law Review, 21(2), 329-357. Retrieved on August 24, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3kmucc1

27) Haimson, C. (2022). Redemption performance in exoneration and parole: Two pathways home. Qualitative Sociology, 45(2), 241-269. Retrieved on December 28, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3ZiiD4i

28) Harding, D. J., Morenoff, J. D., Nguyen, A. P., & Bushway, S. D. (2017). Short-and long-term effects of imprisonment on future felony convictions and prison admissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(42), 11103-11108. Retrieved on September 8, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3Y6jlk6

29) Hindus, M. S. (2017). Prison and Plantation: Crime, Justice, and Authority in Massachusetts and South Carolina, 1767-1878. UNC Press Books. Retrieved on September 8, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3xSE3Jy

30) Hanniball, K. B., Aknin, L. B., Douglas, K. S., & Viljoen, J. L. (2019). Does helping promote well-being in at-risk youth and ex-offender samples. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 82, 307-317. Retrieved on December 28, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3St9yDo

31) Heney, D. B. (2022). Solving for stigma in mental health care. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice. Retrieved on December 28, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3ZjcIvH

32) Herbert, C. W., Morenoff, J. D., & Harding, D. J. (2015). Homelessness and housing insecurity among former prisoners. RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 1(2), 44-79. Retrieved on August 24, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3ko3uQj

33) Insong, J. A., & Cuevas Jr, J. F. (2021). Ways of coping of prisoners' spouses: a structural equation model. Technium Soc. Sci. J., 17, 486. Retrieved on August 24, 2022 from https://bit.ly/41DUXtl

34) Ismaila, S. (2020). Availability of Reformative Education Programmes for Prisoners in North West Nigeria. UMT Education Review, 3(1), 01-24. Retrieved on August 25, 2022 from https://journals.umt.edu.pk/index.php/uer/article/view/562. Retrieved on August 24, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3IyMS0b

35) Ispa-Landa, S. (2019). Believing in a Positive Future as a Form of Stigma Resistance: Narratives of Denied Expungement-Seekers. Deviant Behavior, 40(11), 1428-1444. Retrieved on December 28, 2022 from https://bit.ly/2UMAO4o

36) Liem, M., & Weggemans, D. (2018). Reintegration among high-profile ex-offenders. Journal of developmental and life-course criminology, 4(4), 473-490. Retrieved on September 8, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3Z0ygOd

37) Lotter, C. (2018). The integration of ex-offenders in South Africa based on the contemporary Chinese model: an interdisciplinary study (Doctoral dissertation, University of the Free State). Retrieved on September 8, 2022 from https://bit.ly/41iMLhI

38) Mpb, A. S., Muin, A. M., & Indrawati, D. The Effect of Labeling On Ex- Convict in the Scope of the World of Work in Companies in South Sulawesi. Tadulako Law Review, 6(1), 75-93. Retrieved on September 8, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3xS2Q0p

39) Muthee, J. M. (2020). Challenges facing reentry and reintegration of women ex-offenders into the community in Nyeri County, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, Moi University). Retrieved on August 24, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3Ivnt7A

40) Muthee, J. M., Adeli, M., & Barasa, F. O. (2020). Effects of the challenges facing re-entry of women ex-offenders in Nyeri County, Kenya. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478), 9(4), 29-40. Retrieved on September 8, 2022 from https://bit.ly/41v5jvd

41) Moak, S. C., Walker, J. T., Earwood, M., & Towery, G. (2020). Using reentry simulations to promote changes in attitude toward offenders: Experiential learning to promote successful reentry. American journal of criminal justice, 45(1), 126-144. Retrieved on September 8, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3YXoufA

42) Moyo, N. (2017). Using restorative justice approaches with ex-prisoners and their families: an action research project in Zimbabwe. Building peace via Action Research: African case studies, 207-222. Retrieved on August 24, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3Z0lyPp

43) Muthee, J. M., Adeli, M., & Barasa, F. O. (2020). Effects of the challenges facing re-entry of women ex-offenders in Nyeri County, Kenya. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478), 9(4), 29-40. Retrieved on August 24, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3EEm9OC

44) Muthee, J. M., Barasa, F. O., & Adeli, S. (2019). Relationship Challenges Facing Re-Integration of Women Ex-Offenders In Nyeri County, Kenya. Retrieved on August 24, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3xXjFXC

45) Ndaba, B. P. (2019). Ex-offenders and their families: a study of reintegration in Zululand (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved on January 3, 2023 from https://bit.ly/3ko3uQj

46) Neil. (2022, October 6). Philippines eyes release of 5,000 inmates by 2023. BusinessWorld Online. https://www.bworldonline.com/the-nation/2022/10/06/479149/philippines-eyes-release-of-5000-inmates-by-2023/. Retrieved on December 28, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3xQXmmr

47) Niranjana, K., & Sundaram, A. (2022). A Study on Prison Reformation System In India. Journal of Algebraic Statistics, 13(3), 2337-2343. Retrieved on September 8, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3xUj09s

48) Nowak, B. M. (2018). At Risk of Social Exclusion. Labor Market Disadvantage of Ex-Convicts–The Case of Poland. Przegląd Badań Edukacyjnych (Educational Studies Review), 2(27), 85-96. Retrieved on August 24, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3KD9EGN

49) Obatusin, O., & Ritter-Williams, D. (2019). A phenomenological study of employer perspectives on hiring ex-offenders. Cogent Social Sciences, 5(1), 1571730. Retrieved on January 3, 2023 from https://bit.ly/2kjCUbO

50) Obedgiu, V., Lagat, C., & Sang, J. (2022). Talent Management and Employee Performance: The Moderating Effect of Transformational Leadership. Orsea Journal, 12(1). Retrieved on January 3, 2023 from https://bit.ly/3EFxn5w

51) Parole And Probation Administration “45 years of Redeeming Lives and Restoring Relationships.” (n.d.). Retrieved on October 10, 2022 from https://probation.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Annual-Report-2021-FInal-Dep-Apr-7.pdf.

52) Quinn-Hogan, A. N. (2021). The Stain of a Criminal Label: Post-Release Stigmatization and its Effects on Reintegration and Recidivism among Ex-Offenders. Retrieved on January 3, 2023 from https://bit.ly/3ITfwdC

53) Riley, T. (2022). Yeah, but Would You Hire Them? An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of How Employers Make Sense of Hiring Ex-offenders (Doctoral dissertation, Northeastern University). Retrieved on January 3, 2023 from https://bit.ly/3m8wMCF

54) Rosen, J. D., & Cruz, J. M. (2018). Overcoming stigma and discrimination: Challenges for reinsertion of gang members in developing countries. International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology, 62(15), 4758-4775. Retrieved on January 3, 2023 from https://bit.ly/3m5dyOD

55) Shuja, K. H. (2022). Criminal Recidivism in Pakistan: A Grounded Theory of Social & Environmental Causes and Psychological Consequences. Nature-Nurture Journal of Psychology, 2(2), 41-53. Retrieved on January 3, 2023 from https://bit.ly/3ZmmH3C

56) Siegel, L. J., & Worrall, J. L. (2018). Essentials of criminal justice. Cengage Learning. Retrieved on January 3, 2023 from https://bit.ly/3Iy6EZt

57) Smith, C. D. (2021). Exploring the Employability of Ex-Offenders: Employer Perspectives (Doctoral dissertation, Walden University). Retrieved on January 3, 2023 from https://bit.ly/3m4risM

58) Sun, N., Wei, L., Wang, H., Wang, X., Gao, M., Hu, X., & Shi, S. (2021). Qualitative study of the psychological experience of COVID-19 patients during hospitalization. Journal of affective disorders, 278, 15-22. Retrieved on December 28, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3xUzezm

59) Tekola, B., Kinfe, M., Girma, F., Hanlon, C., & Hoekstra, R. A. (2020). Perceptions and experiences of stigma among parents of children with developmental disorders in Ethiopia: a qualitative study. Social Science & Medicine, 256, 113034. Retrieved on December 28, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3IQpR9h

60) Tietjen, G. (2019). Convict criminology: Learning from the past, confronting the present, expanding for the future. Critical Criminology, 27(1), 101-114. Retrieved on December 28, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3xPrpLo

61) Tyler, I. (2018). Resituating Erving Goffman: From stigma power to black power. The Sociological Review, 66(4), 744-765. Retrieved on December 28, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3xOQZ3g

62) Peters, R. (2020). Prisons and Marginalisation in Nineteenth-Century Egypt. In Shariʿa, Justice and Legal Order (pp. 221-237). Brill. Retrieved on September 8, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3m84dFF

63) Scanlon, W. (2001). Ex-convicts: A workplace diversity issue. Employee Assistance Quarterly, 16(4), 35-51. Retrieved on September 8, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3EBWYfs

64) Toubiana, M. (2020). Once in orange always in orange? Identity paralysis and the enduring influence of institutional logics on identity. Academy of Management Journal, 63(6), 1739-1774. Retrieved on September 8, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3EBWPsq

65) Toulmin, S. (2020). How medicine saved the life of ethics. In New directions in ethics (pp. 265-281). Routledge. Retrieved on December 28, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3XuGBsc

66) Van Hout, M. C., & Mhlanga-Gunda, R. (2018). Contemporary women prisoners health experiences, unique prison health care needs and health care outcomes in sub Saharan Africa: a scoping review of extant literature. BMC international health and human rights, 18(1), 1-12. Retrieved on September 8, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3IUOu5I

67) Weidner, R. R., & Schultz, J. (2019). Examining the relationship between US incarceration rates and population health at the county level. SSM-population health, 9, 100466. Retrieved on December 28, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3lWfxVa

68) Wiafe, E. A. (2021). Willingness of employers to employ ex-convicts among selected SMEs in the western region of Ghana. Cogent Social Sciences, 7(1), 1868670. Retrieved on September 8, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3ZiIN6Y

69) Yin, E. T., Boateng, W., & Kofie, N. (2022). Family acceptance, economic situation, and faith community: The lived experiences of ex-convicts in Ghana. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 5(1), 100240. Retrieved on August 24, 2022 from https://bit.ly/3Zl2Wt3
Volume 06 Issue 10 October 2023

Indexed In

Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar